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在 Linux 上使用 netstat 命令

描述 netstat 命令和一些实时示例。

netstat （网络统计）是一个命令行工具，可显示网络连接（传入和传出）、路由表和大量网络接口统计信息。

适用于 Linux、Unix 和 Windows 操作系统。 netstat是一个强大且有用的工具，用于解决网络相关问题和检查连接统计信息。

输入netstat -help查看以下使用指南：

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -help
usage: netstat [-vWeenNcCF] [<Af>] -r         netstat {-V|--version|-h|--help}
       netstat [-vWnNcaeol] [<Socket> ...]
       netstat { [-vWeenNac] -I[<Iface>] | [-veenNac] -i | [-cnNe] -M | -s [-6tuw] } [delay]

        -r, --route              display routing table
        -I, --interfaces=<Iface> display interface table for <Iface>
        -i, --interfaces         display interface table
        -g, --groups             display multicast group memberships
        -s, --statistics         display networking statistics (like SNMP)
        -M, --masquerade         display masqueraded connections

        -v, --verbose            be verbose
        -W, --wide               don't truncate IP addresses
        -n, --numeric            don't resolve names
        --numeric-hosts          don't resolve host names
        --numeric-ports          don't resolve port names
        --numeric-users          don't resolve user names
        -N, --symbolic           resolve hardware names
        -e, --extend             display other/more information
        -p, --programs           display PID/Program name for sockets
        -o, --timers             display timers
        -c, --continuous         continuous listing

        -l, --listening          display listening server sockets
        -a, --all                display all sockets (default: connected)
        -F, --fib                display Forwarding Information Base (default)
        -C, --cache              display routing cache instead of FIB
        -Z, --context            display SELinux security context for sockets

  <Socket>={-t|--tcp} {-u|--udp} {-U|--udplite} {-S|--sctp} {-w|--raw}
           {-x|--unix} --ax25 --ipx --netrom
  <AF>=Use '-6|-4' or '-A <af>' or '--<af>'; default: inet
  List of possible address families (which support routing):
    inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6) ax25 (AMPR AX.25) 
    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) 
    x25 (CCITT X.25) 
[root@lab ~]#

以下是一些示例命令。以下内容已在 RHEL/CentOS 上进行了测试，但没有理由它不能在 Ubuntu 等其他发行版上运行。

已建立的连接

如果您正在查找从服务器建立的所有连接。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -natu | grep 'ESTABLISHED'
tcp        0     21 68.183.37.102:22        222.186.31.135:21714    ESTABLISHED
tcp        0     36 68.183.37.102:22        52.148.155.182:49859    ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 68.183.37.102:22        61.177.142.158:55481    ESTABLISHED
[root@lab ~]#

如果你建立了大量的连接并且想要找到其中一个IP，你可以使用另一个grep。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -natu | grep 'ESTABLISHED' | grep 61.177.142.158
tcp        0   1280 68.183.37.102:22        61.177.142.158:33932    ESTABLISHED
[root@lab ~]#

监听连接

假设您启动一个服务，并且它应该侦听特定的 IP：端口。这对于检查很有用。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -an | grep 'LISTEN'
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN     
[root@lab ~]#

或者，您可以使用-l参数来显示所有侦听套接字。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -l
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc          0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:ssh             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 [::]:sunrpc             [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 [::]:webcache           [::]:*                  LISTEN     
tcp6       0      0 [::]:ssh                [::]:*                  LISTEN     
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:805             0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc          0.0.0.0:*                          
udp        0      0 localhost:323           0.0.0.0:*                          
udp6       0      0 [::]:805                [::]:*                             
udp6       0      0 [::]:sunrpc             [::]:*                             
udp6       0      0 ip6-localhost:323       [::]:*                             
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15108    /run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     8202     /run/systemd/journal/stdout
unix  2      [ ACC ]     SEQPACKET  LISTENING     12813    /run/udev/control
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17542    public/pickup
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15165    /var/run/rpcbind.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17546    public/cleanup
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15605    /var/lib/gssproxy/default.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     12706    /run/systemd/private
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17549    public/qmgr
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17571    public/flush
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17553    private/tlsmgr
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17586    public/showq
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17556    private/rewrite
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17559    private/bounce
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17562    private/defer
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17565    private/trace
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17568    private/verify
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17574    private/proxymap
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17577    private/proxywrite
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17580    private/smtp
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17583    private/relay
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17589    private/error
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17592    private/retry
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17595    private/discard
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17598    private/local
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17601    private/virtual
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17604    private/lmtp
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17607    private/anvil
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17610    private/scache
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15606    /run/gssproxy.sock
[root@lab ~]#

使用grep过滤结果。

PID使用的端口号

我们知道应用程序已启动并知道其 PID（进程标识符），但我们不知道它正在使用什么端口号。以下示例适用于 PID 3937

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -anlp |grep 3937
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      3937/httpd          
unix  3      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     2442387  3937/httpd           
[root@lab ~]#

如您所见，端口 80 用于 PID 3937。

所有协议的统计

您是否遇到由于数据包丢失而频繁断开连接的情况？ -s参数显示总体统计信息，使您能够专注于数据包丢失消息。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -s
Ip:
    731422 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    731399 incoming packets delivered
    787732 requests sent out
    16 dropped because of missing route
Icmp:
    5277 ICMP messages received
    120 input ICMP message failed.
    InCsumErrors: 6
    ICMP input histogram:
        destination unreachable: 193
        timeout in transit: 16
        echo requests: 5060
        echo replies: 2
    9355 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 4295
        echo replies: 5060
IcmpMsg:
        InType0: 2
        InType3: 193
        InType8: 5060
        InType11: 16
        OutType0: 5060
        OutType3: 4295
Tcp:
    42 active connections openings
    35226 passive connection openings
    1693 failed connection attempts
    645 connection resets received
    2 connections established
    646705 segments received
    648037 segments send out
    99463 segments retransmited
    27377 bad segments received.
    150893 resets sent
    InCsumErrors: 27377
Udp:
    74547 packets received
    4814 packets to unknown port received.
    56 packet receive errors
    74584 packets sent
    0 receive buffer errors
    0 send buffer errors
    InCsumErrors: 56
UdpLite:
TcpExt:
    177 invalid SYN cookies received
    1693 resets received for embryonic SYN_RECV sockets
    316 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer
    3 packets rejects in established connections because of timestamp
    70248 delayed acks sent
    6 delayed acks further delayed because of locked socket
    Quick ack mode was activated 3082 times
    17 SYNs to LISTEN sockets dropped
    28179 packets directly queued to recvmsg prequeue.
    9802 bytes directly received in process context from prequeue
    72106 packet headers predicted
    94182 acknowledgments not containing data payload received
    40094 predicted acknowledgments
    332 times recovered from packet loss by selective acknowledgements
    8 congestion windows recovered without slow start by DSACK
    1173 congestion windows recovered without slow start after partial ack
    1029 timeouts after SACK recovery
    8 timeouts in loss state
    329 fast retransmits
    3 forward retransmits
    32 retransmits in slow start
    44785 other TCP timeouts
    TCPLossProbes: 9763
    TCPLossProbeRecovery: 1732
    54 SACK retransmits failed
    3144 DSACKs sent for old packets
    4 DSACKs sent for out of order packets
    695 DSACKs received
    1 DSACKs for out of order packets received
    44 connections reset due to unexpected data
    76 connections reset due to early user close
    6079 connections aborted due to timeout
    TCPDSACKIgnoredNoUndo: 448
    TCPSpuriousRTOs: 5
    TCPSackShiftFallback: 465
    IPReversePathFilter: 11
    TCPRcvCoalesce: 32369
    TCPOFOQueue: 4313
    TCPOFOMerge: 4
    TCPChallengeACK: 2
    TCPSynRetrans: 43670
    TCPOrigDataSent: 208010
    TCPACKSkippedSeq: 12
IpExt:
    InNoRoutes: 12
    InOctets: 133789295
    OutOctets: 151093769
    InNoECTPkts: 731338
    InECT1Pkts: 3
    InECT0Pkts: 1568
    InCEPkts: 108
[root@lab ~]#

内核路由信息

路由是否有问题？或者连接是否由于通过不同的路由而无法按预期工作？

现在检查您的路由表。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -r
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0
10.16.0.0       0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
68.183.32.0     0.0.0.0         255.255.240.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
link-local      0.0.0.0         255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
[root@lab ~]#

端口号中使用的PID

对于解决端口冲突问题非常有用。假设您正在尝试启动 Apache 或 Nginx 服务器。该服务器侦听端口 80，但无法启动，因为另一个进程已在使用端口 80。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -anlp |grep 80 | grep LISTEN
tcp6       0      0 :::80                   :::*                    LISTEN      3937/httpd          
[root@lab ~]#

您可以看到 PID 3937 正在使用该端口。

如果您使用的是 AIX，

 netstat -Aan | grep $portnumber

这以十六进制显示协议控制块的地址。

获得十六进制数字后，您可以通过运行以下命令来获取哪个进程持有端口号：

 rmsock $address_of_pcb tcpcb

网络接口列表

您是否有多个以太网接口，或者您不确定并好奇？

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface             MTU    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0             1500   793026      0      0 0        849443      0      0      0 BMRU
lo              65536        6      0      0 0             6      0      0      0 LRU
[root@lab ~]#

持续聆听

解决服务崩溃相关问题时的一个不错的选择。假设您的应用程序每隔几分钟随机崩溃一次。然而，我们不知道确切的时间。您可以使用-c参数连续显示结果。

 [root@lab ~]# netstat -anlpc |grep 8080
tcp6       0      0 :::8080                 :::*                    LISTEN      11766/httpd         
tcp6       0      0 :::8080                 :::*                    LISTEN      11766/httpd         
tcp6       0      0 :::8080                 :::*                    LISTEN      11766/httpd         
tcp6       0      0 :::8080                 :::*                    LISTEN      11766/httpd

当更新停止时，您就知道它崩溃了。

结论

netstat是系统管理员广泛使用的命令之一，我希望上面的示例能让您了解可以使用 netstat 做什么。如果您想了解有关 Linux 管理的更多信息，请查看此Udemy 课程。

通俗易懂的讲解《如何在Linux上使用netstat命令》！您必须观看的 2 个最佳视频

初心者のための Linux コマンドラインチュートリアル 38 – netstat コマンド

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGNcvBaN5wE&pp=ugMICgJqYRABGAHKBTQgTGludXgg44Gn44GuIG5ldHN0YXQg44Kz44Oe44Oz44OJ44Gu5L2_55So5rOVJmhsPUpB

NETSTATコマンドの説明

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UZFpCQeXnM&pp=ugMICgJqYRABGAHKBTQgTGludXgg44Gn44GuIG5ldHN0YXQg44Kz44Oe44Oz44OJ44Gu5L2_55So5rOVJmhsPUpB

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